Varenicline and nicotine differ primarily in their mechanisms of action and their roles in quitting smoking.
Nicotine
Nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco products. When inhaled through smoking, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain, particularly the α4β2 subtype. This binding stimulates the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, leading to pleasurable sensations and reinforcing the smoking behavior. Over time, this reinforcement contributes to nicotine dependence and addiction.
Varenicline
Varenicline, on the other hand, is a prescription medication designed to aid in smoking cessation. It functions as a partial agonist at the same α4β2 nAChRs.
As a partial agonist, varenicline binds to these receptors and activates them, but to a lesser extent than nicotine does. This partial activation helps ease withdrawal symptoms by providing mild stimulation of the receptor. Simultaneously, varenicline acts as an antagonist by blocking nicotine from binding to these receptors, thereby reducing the rewarding effects of smoking.
Effectiveness of varenicline
In terms of effectiveness, studies have shown that varenicline is more effective in helping individuals quit smoking compared to nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) such as nicotine patches or gum. For instance, research indicates that patients prescribed varenicline were more likely to achieve long-term smoking cessation compared to those using NRTs.
However, varenicline is associated with certain side effects. Common adverse effects include nausea, vivid dreams, insomnia, and, in some cases, mood changes. If you’re considering varenicline, make sure that you consult first with your to determine the most appropriate smoking cessation treatment that’s tailored to your needs.